degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers + reaction to those changes (infiltration by fat and connective tissue); no abnormal storage of metabolic products.
4. All symptoms are effects of striated muscle weakness (heart and visceral muscles may also be involved).
5. Weakness becomes progressively worse (i.e. not static – vs. congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies).
Primary energy that is used during activities
Grains, Potatoes
Important nutrients besides the Carbohydrates
Higher calories than carbohydrates and proteins
sesami, walnut, butter, animal fat
Body composition and hormones , helpful for the development of body such as muscle contraction and etc.
Meat, Fish, Egg, Beans
Mandatory substances in order to be alive
Only little amount is needed,
protein coupled family of receptors.
Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of intracellular cAMP.
Glucagon receptors are mainly expressed in liver and in kidney with lesser amounts found in heart, adipose tissue, spleen, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, cerebral cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of glucagon appear to be mediate
-Intraperitoneal Disorders
Visceral obstruction and inflammation of hollow and solid viscera may produce vomiting as the main symptom. Gastric obstruction results from ulcer disease and malignancy, while small-bowel and colonic obstruction occur because of adhesions, benign or malignant tumors, volvulus, intussusception, or inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease. The superior mesenteric
-PCr이 AMPK의 활동을 억제하는 기능을 하여 AMPK가 비활성된 상태임.
-MM-CK는 ADP와 PCr에서 ATP와 Cr을 만드는 반응을 도와줌.
-(B)는 운동을 시작한 활성화된 근육임.
-감소한 PCr으로 인해 AMPK가 활동을 시작.
-AMPK는 지방산 산화와 포도당산화를 촉진시켜 ATP를 생성시킴.
-MM-CK-PO4는 ATP와 Cr이 ADP와 PCr을 만
1. 외상환자의 응급처치
(1) 일차조사
외상환자의 응급조치를 위해서 일차적으로 환자의 상태를 조사할 필요가 있다. 올바른 조사를 한다면 환자의 처치에 필요한 중요한 정보를 얻게 될 것이다. 다음은 환자 상태의 초기 평가를 위한 질문들이다.
<현장 조사>
▸어떤 감염방지 주의점을 가져야
Under the Hyperleptinemia condition
PPARα is increased during the rapid loss of fat
An Experiment of PPARα+/+ and PPARα-/- mice
→ Food intake and weight are reduced in both mice
but fat is reduced only in PPARα+/+
Under the Hyperleptinemia condition fat disappears in 7 days without any relation which is about quantity of free FA or ketone
→ Thus WAT is transformed to Fat b
1. Classification of muscle
Composition of muscle tissue
근육의 구분.
근육은 위치에 따라 골격근, 심장근, 내장근으로 형태에 따라
횡문근과 평환근으로, 조절 양식에 따라 수의근과 불수의근으로 구분한다.
2. Skeletal muscle
1) Characteristic of Skeletal muscle
2) Axial muscle
3) Appendicular muscle
Leptin is a hormone that is involved in the long term regulation of body weight. The word comes from the Greek word “leptos”, meaning thin. It is produced primarily by fat cells, but cells in the gut and placenta also make leptin. It circulates in the blood and acts on different tissue including the hypothalamus, skeletal muscle, and liver. Leptin is a protein that consists of 167 amino acids
-[Figure1] A(고립된 미토콘드리아 내의 UCP1)는 일반적인 UCP1의 역할로 UCP1이 활성화 되어 호흡체인으로 수소이동을 시키면서 다시 순환하면서 ATP생성과 동시에 열도 생성해낸다. 그러나 B(갈색지방에서의 UCP1)의 갈색지방에서는 수소는 ATP합성효소와 호흡체인 사이로만 이동하고 UCP1은 이때 ATP 등의 에너